Learning Style and How it Helps Adults to Succeed Their Education Goal Research Paper

Learning Style and How it Helps Adults to Succeed Their Education Goal - Research Paper Example First, unlike children, adults are autonomous are self-directed. Adults can take up the responsibility of their learning process and rather than dictating, teacher and educators can take up the role of facilitators. Rather than forcing, pushing, or punishing adult students, the teacher can assume the role of a guide. Second, adults possess great wealth of knowledge in form of their experiences. Over their lives, they have seen the world closely and in order for teaching to be effective, the educator should help the adult students to link their experiences with theories, concepts, and tools learnt. This would help facilitate the learning process greatly. Third, adults are more likely to have clear goals and objectives with their studying. When they enroll for a class or a program, they know exactly what they want to achieve out of this course. Instructor or educator has to make sure that the course objectives should be in line with the objectives of the learners so that they could fee l motivated about their learning (Rothwell, 2008). Fourth, due to various reasons, adults are more likely to be relevancy orientated. ... ults who may go on to leave the learning process if they feel that their personality, opinions, ideas, thoughts and presence is not respected by other people and especially the educator (Knowles, Holton & Swanson, 2011). Sixth, adults seek constructive criticism and they are seeking feedback. They are least likely to be ship with rudders moving into circles without any sense of direction. They prefer to be corrected when they are making a mistake and they appreciate praise and applause when they have done something correctly. However, the tricky part here is the fact that while providing this critical feedback the educator has to ensure that he or she does not tear the person down but takes a very diplomatic and professional approach. Seventh, adults may have different backgrounds and different learning speeds. Furthermore, some learners may learn with great pace and some might be very slow to cope. Therefore, for effective teaching or training, the educator has to be flexible and mu st use different methods to address the need of the students. These methods may include group discussion, lectures, case study, demonstrations, field trips, games, note taking, question and answer, multimedia presentations, videos, panel and guest lectures and so on (Knowles, Holton & Swanson, 2011). Motivation and Adult Learning While dealing with teens and children, much of the focus remains on reward and punishment for motivating them for the learning process. In fact, at times, the concept of motivation itself becomes irreverent. However, this is not the case with adults. Motivation for learning is important and there are six sources of the same. First, adults may be motivated to a learning process because that learning environment or education may help them in developing friendships

Expansion and contraction of matter Essay Example for Free

Expansion and contraction of matter Essay Thermal Expansion and Contraction Most of the matters, without some exceptions, expand with the increasing temperature. When you give heat to matters; speed of its particles increase and distance between them also increase which results in the increase of the volumes of matters. All expansions occurs in volume of the substance however, sometimes some of the dimensions of them expand more with respect to others. In this case we neglect the less expanded ones and assume expansion like linear expansion in long materials. Moreover, we take the expansion of plate as area expansion and finally we take the expansion in three dimensions as volume expansion. thermal expansion Inverse of the expansion is called contraction, generally when matters lost heat and their temperatures decrease they contract. Now we will learn which factors effect expansion. If the initial volumes, areas or lengths of the matters are big enough their expansions with the same temperature are also big. In other words, expansion or contraction is linearly proportional to the initial volume of the matter. Different matters have different atomic structure, thus distances between the atoms are also different. They give different reactions to the same amount of temperature changes. So, another factor effecting expansion is type of matter. Final factor that affects expansion is the amount of change in temperature. Larger the change in temperature results in larger the change in the volume of matter. We get following formula from the explanations given above; ∆V=V0.ÃŽ ±. ∆T Where; ∆V is the change in the volume, ÃŽ ± is the coefficient of thermal expansion and ∆T is the change in the temperature of the matter. ÃŽ ±= Coefficient of thermal expansion is equal to the change in the volume of a unit of mass under 10C change in temperature. Expansion in Solid Matters We will examine this subject under three title, linear expansion, area expansion and volume expansion. Linear Expansion: Picture given below shows the linear expansion of metal rod. When it is heated, its length increases. linear expansion Our formula for linear expansion is; ∆L=L0.ÃŽ ±. ∆T Where; ∆L is the amount of change in the length of the rod, L0 is the initial length of the road, ÃŽ ± is the coefficient of linear expansion and ∆T is the change in the temperature of the matter. Example: There are three same metal rods having same length and thickness. If the temperatures of them are given like; T, 2T and 3T find the relations of final lengths of the rods. (Rods are in contact) We find the final temperatures of the system by the formula; Tfinal=T1+T2+T3/3=6T/3=2T Since the temperature of the first rod increase, its final length also increases. Temperature of the second rod stays same, thus there won’t be change in the length of this rod. Finally, temperature of the third rod decreases, thus its contract and final length of it decreases with respect to initial length. As a result relation of the final lengths of the rods; L1L2L3 Area Expansion: When plate given below is heated, it expands in two dimensions X and Y. We find the area expansion with the given formula; ∆S=S0.2ÃŽ ±. ∆T  Where; ∆S is the amount of change in the area of the plate, S0 is the initial area of the plate, 2ÃŽ ± is the coefficient of area expansion and ∆T is the change in the temperature of the matter. area expansion Example: We cut a circular piece from the rectangular plate. Which ones of the processes given below can help us in passing through the circular piece from the hole? expansion example I. Increasing the temperatures of rectangular plate and circular piece II. Decreasing the temperature of the circular piece III. Decreasing the temperatures of the rectangular plate and circular piece I. If we increase the temperatures of the plate and circular piece, expansion of the hole and the circular piece will be the same. Thus, this  option can help us. II. If we decrease the temperature of the circular piece, it contracts and hole becomes larger than the piece. This option can also help us. III. If we decrease the temperatures of the plate and circular piece, hole and circular piece contract in same size. This process can also help us. Volume Expansion: If the objects expand in volume with the gained heat, we call this volume expansion and find it with the following formula; ∆V=V0.3ÃŽ ±. ∆T  Where; ∆V is the amount of change in the volume of the cube, V0 is the initial volume of the cube, 3ÃŽ ± is the coefficient of volume expansion and ∆T is the change in the temperature of the matter. volume expansion Heat Temperature and Thermal Expansion Exams and Solutions  Phase Transition of Water Prev Next Heat Temperature and Expansion Cheat Sheet Tags:area expansioncalculations of thermal expansionlinear expansionsamples of thermal expansionthermal contractionthermal expansion and contractionvolume expansion

Should An MNC Reduce Its Ethical Standards?

Should An MNC Reduce Its Ethical Standards? Ethical Standards are different for every country. Any business that goes international has to comply with the rules and regulation of that country in context to the norms of the business laws. This is where the need of ethics comes into picture where an MNC has to decide whether to follow its own ethics while continuing its business activities or to unethically compete with other business within the country. In order to arrive to a decision what a company should do we should first know the meanings of few terminologies as discussed below. What is the definition of MNC? MNC is a company which has expanded internationally with a reason to grow. MNC is built to achieve maximum wealth for the share holders. There are three key theories which justify existence of an MNC. Comparative advantage: Each country should use its comparative advantage to specialize in its production. It should also rely on other countries to meet other needs. Imperfect markets MNC should make use of the resources in imperfect market to specialize in their products. Imperfect markets make the factors of production immobile and it is the main cause of encouragement for the countries to specialize. The Product cycle Every MNC has a home country and the product cycle suggests that it should expand to foreign countries. MNC will not have any problem it its management is tempted to achieve the goal of maximizing the wealth of share holders, not of their own. MNC and International Competence International trade is the most common method by which firms conduct international business. Other methods are licensing, franchising, joint ventures, acquisitions of foreign firms, and formation of foreign subsidiaries. Each method has its margin of profit and needs little or more capital investment. For example, licensing and franchising require little capital investment but distribute some of the profit to other parties. While, acquisitions of foreign firms and formation of foreign subsidiaries require substantial capital investments but offer the potential for large returns. Ethical Standards and International Competence An MNC should reduce its Ethical Standards to compete internationally. The main reason being every foreign country has a different ethical standards and an MNC which does not reduce its own Ethical Standard in that county, those activities and standards will be viewed in an unethical way. This is a biggest disadvantage to an MNC and it will not be able to compete in that country. As discussed earlier, the MNCs expand internationally to grow, to maintain and earn profit, maximize wealth of the share holders. If it maintains a standard code of ethics according to the foreign country, it will be able to achieve these goals. If it is stuck to its own standard code of Ethics of the Home Country, then they will fail and diminish. If an MNC reduces it Ethical standards, then this will help it in unfavorable economic conditions of a particular country. It will also help it to stay afloat when the cash flow is affected and returns are decreased. The valuation model of the MNC shows that the MNC valuation is favorably affected when its foreign cash flows increase, the currencies dominating those cash inflows increase, or the MNCs equivalent rate of return decreases. Certain political conditions, pressure from upper management affect the valuation of an MNC. Below are other factors which play part for an MNC to grow internationally. Problems due to malfunction in management Exchange Rate movements Risks of investments in foreign companies Political Risks of a country Centralized or De-centralized approach in decision making Global Competition Joint Venture restrictions and limitations Impact of Global warming, terrorism and natural calamities Uncertainties in the market Let go deep down on each of the factors and find out how to reduce ethical standards in international competence. Agency Problems The main goal of any MNC is to strengthen the wealth of Share holders. If managers start fulfilling their own interests instead of those share holders then the MNC will be in trouble. The Ethical Standard should be able to balance the growth of management and public. Exchange Rate Movements A U.S. based firm operating in Asia and/or Europe has to balance its capital according to its sales and production in foreign country. The inflow and outflow of the cash and capital is affected by Exchange Rate decrease and increase. It is also a deciding factor for investment in the foreign countries. MNC should pay attention and be up to date with FOREX. Agency costs are larger for MNC than a domestic firm. Imperfect Markets If perfect market exists, then wages, prices, and interest rates will be similar for the countries. There will not be any major competitive areas of products. But, the markets are imperfect and that tend to increase subsidiaries in the foreign countries. International Opportunities Another factor of growth for an MNC is to buy foreign firms with similar interest, area and product. Licensing will also help grow the MNC. With a smaller investment or buying a stake in established company venture, gives opportunity to grow in foreign market. Internet Now a days wide use of Internet is one of the major factors for any MNC to be recognized globally. Marketing, advertising, blogs and networking are the key usages of internet. Internet will result in more international business and MNC is touching the World Wide Web. Risks There are various risks involved in investment, buying, licensing of foreign firms. Political risks also affect equally. Exchange rate movements, currency depreciation, stock market also affect the growth of the MNC. Every business has many types of risks, but overcoming them by finding alternatives in other areas is the way to go. Joint Venture Joint venture is a bigger factor of growth for an MNC. A major production company in one country can have a joint venture with a biggest supplier of the same or alike product in another country. Both of them can utilize the supply channels and monetary requirements and can grow together. A largest wine making company in U.S. can have a joint venture with a largest brewery in China. The U.S. company can leverage the brewerys established channels and distribute wine in a big number throughout the country. It can utilize brewery of Chinese company, make wine and sell it locally. In addition, the U.S. company provides information to the brewery about the wine market of U.S. Thus, joint venture enables growth of MNC in international business and competence. Global Competition An MNC having a standardized product in the market has to compete more internationally, because the product valuation, pricing, distribution and specifications are same all over the globe. That MNC should add more to its product categories or line of products to win the competition. It can also provide attractive benefits to firms and pricing or discounts to customers. Valuation of an MNC All the factors we discussed above can affect either positively or negatively to the value of an MNC. A U.S. based MNCs value can be declined due to political risk in the foreign country even though its cash flow is intact. Similarly, An Indian firms value will be increased due to demand and supply in the foreign country and exchange rate movements. In this case, its valuation depends on four factors: Expected cash flows in Rupees: This is the outward cash flows from the company to meet the needs of the foreign markets demand. It needs to flow the cash within itself to employ more people, buy more machinery for production and more logistics Expected cash flows in Dollars that are ultimately converted into Rupees This is inward cash flows as orders, profits and investments from the foreign country This also includes selling of any part of the company to foreign buyers The rate at which it can convert into Rupees This is FOREX, currency remittances which will be fluctuating according to global market Its weighted average cost of capital This includes acquisitions, mergers, sold-bought assets and stock values Wise things can be done to increase the value of the MNC, to sustain in the international competition. One of them would be to sell of a part of the foreign venture which is riskier. Other would be to buy licensing of the foreign firm which has same or lesser risk. MNC should be reducing its ethical standards on supply chain management as well. It can distribute its small amount of product or logistics thru a cheaper medium in foreign country rather than being responsible on itself. Markets with standardized currencies, like Euros, are a good choice in regards to this. A U.S. MNC can import a smaller amount of supply from a German company with lower rates in Euros and discontinue relations with U.S. supplier. Expansion in International Business An MNC which manufactures auto parts at competitive rates and provides little lesser wages to its employees can guarantee job security to them. But, it should also think of expansion to cheap manufacturing foreign countries. Let us discuss some factors on why to expand: The MNC should select the foreign country wisely, taking local competition in that country, production of the same auto parts in that country and general wages structure of that country. It is completely smart to expand in the country if there is not much competition in manufacturing parts and employing cheap labor. This is competitive advantage. The MNC can leverage the imperfect market theory here. It cannot export the labor from its home country, but can establish a subsidiary in the foreign country and meet it needs. With a strong establishment in the home country for the parts it manufactures, the MNC can easily expand and sustain in the foreign country. This is product cycle theory. The MNC must choose the low currency country to expand as it can build a strong base in the foreign country. E.g. Dollar-Peso, Euro-Dollar, Dollar-Rs. It will be the best time to expand when the currency of the foreign country is weakened. This way it can exchange more amounts in foreign currency and invest more. This can also create an Exchange Rate movement risk. The political risk is also involved in expansion as to how stable are the political conditions of the foreign country to grow with. The MNC can hire a consultant to decide whether it should expand or not and the consultant will look into above major factors when trying to give them the answer. Time and Uncertainties It has been observed that the US currency has weakened in the past few years with comparison to Australia, Mexico, etc. An MNC expanding its business in foreign countries can be affected by the foreign investors decisions because of these uncertainties. For example, Googleâ„ ¢ is expanding its services to China, African countries, Australia, etc. It has cash outflows associated with the creation, marketing, resources and administration of each of its services. It also generated cash inflows from selling space on its websites, advertising and media related applications. Each application has its own flow in different currency. Thus, the valuation of Googleâ„ ¢ is based on its conversion of each countrys currency to the Dollars. And if the investors see that the Dollar is weakening day by day, they can change their mind to other application providers on the web. Valuation of the MNC is affected by these factors. Conclusion An MNC has to reduce its ethical standards based on the above factors in various ways. This includes its employer-employee relationships, venture relationships, political and economical relationships and various local conditions of the home as well as the foreign country. When a U.S. based MNC competes in some countries, it may encounter some business norms there that are not allowed in the United States. When competing with a Government contract, firms might provide payoffs to the government officials who will make the decision. Yet, in the United States, a firm will sometimes take a client on an expensive golf outing or provide skybox tickets to events. This is no different than a payoff. If the payoffs are bigger in some of the foreign countries, then MNC can compete by matching the payoff provided by its competitors. Thus, reducing ethical standards on major factors, the MNC can sustain in international competition.

McDonalds Corporation Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing BTEC Coursewor

Advertising Advertising is a highly specialised area of marketing. It includes researching and developing television and radio commercials and print advertisements, as well as the planning and execution of buying media. McDonald's advertising focuses on two key areas: 1. Promotional advertising 2. Brand advertising Promotional Advertising Promotional advertising gives people a new reason to visit McDonald's or to try McDonald's for the first time. McDonald's Marketing researches, designs, plans and implements great new offers such as novelty burgers, games, premiums and Happy Meals which offer great value and new taste sensations. Brand Advertising Brand advertising promotes and enhances the personality of our brand and builds a relationship with our customers. Brand advertising doesn't simply sell food or products. It reflects the ways our different customers experience McDonald's. Our promotional and brand advertising are designed to complement each other and keep McDonald's at the top of our customers' minds. Public relations Public relations programs keep our customers informed about a wide range of McDonald's-related issues. We achieve this by working with the media to communicate McDonald's position on a range of topics including employment, the environment, nutrition, education and training. We also work with the media to educate people about developments within McDonald's, ranging from new store openings to the addition of a Playland at a local restaurant or an outstanding young crew person receiving an award. Giving something back to the community is not only good public relations but good business. Our public relations programs also provide opportunities to develop positive relationships with schools, community groups, recreational centres, businesses and all types of special interest groups. Public relations not only means making sure the public knows what's going on, but also ensuring everyone within McDonald's is aware of developments in the company. Internal communication with all McDonald's employees is therefore a major part of our public relations programs. Effective and innovative marketing has positioned and secured McDonald's leadership in the quick service restaurant industry. In order to maintain that position we ensure that every restaurant in our system is involved with... ...mpany will launch a new advertising campaign, "We love to see you smile." The campaign, developed by DDB Chicago, brings to life the customer-focused initiatives being implemented at McDonald's nationwide. Several of the commercials feature actual McDonald's restaurant crew employees to give customers a perspective from the people who work at McDonald's everyday. Additionally, Hispanic and African-American advertising was created and developed by del Rivero Messianu in Miami and Burrell Advertising in Chicago, respectively. Spots begin airing nationally on June 30. "This campaign was created in a spirit of unprecedented collaboration with our owner/operators and our agencies," said Larry Zwain, senior vice president of marketing for McDonald's USA. "Our goal was to create ads in the tradition of the best McDonald's advertising and capture the energy and excitement that embodies McDonald's today." McDonald's is the world's largest and best-known global food service retailer, with more than 27,000 restaurants serving more than 43 million people a day in 119 countries. Approximately 80 percent of McDonald's global restaurants are owned and operated by independent franchisees.

Different Groups of Teachers

Teaching is an important profession. â€Å"We will always need teachers. † (Waln) This is why I am interested in the career of secondary education. To be there to teach the upcoming generations and those that will be following behind us. It is important that we continue to teach the children so that they will be able to take over as the leaders of our country. Teachers are divided into different groups. The first group is the Elementary Teachers. Elementary Teachers usually teach one class of children at a certain grade level. These teachers teach all of the subject areas. Therefore they need to be knowledgeable in all subject areas. The next group of teachers is the Secondary Education Teachers. Secondary Education Teachers usually teach five or six classes of students a day, however, they only teach one subject area. Having the teacher teach in one subject area and not many different areas allows the teacher to learn more about that area and this allows the students to learn more in depth about the subject. The last group of teachers is the Special Education Teachers. These teachers work with both Elementary and Secondary students. They help the students in all subject areas, but mainly in Math and Language Arts. Special Education Teachers also work with students that have disabilities ranging from mild to severe. The group of teachers that I would like to be in is the Secondary Education group. I am interested in teaching Business. The working conditions of teachers varies depending on where they are employed. Most districts have a schedule where the teachers teach for nine months and have three months off in the summer. In other districts, teachers teach all year around with a schedule of working eight weeks and then having a week off. They would also have a five week mid-winter break. In most states there is a Tenure Law. The Tenure Law prevents teachers from being fired without just cause and due process. Teachers normally have to teach in one district for three years before they gain tenure. Teachers usually put in more than forty hours a week. Along with the teaching time in the classroom, teachers put in many hours after class and at home doing correcting and lesson plans. Teachers also put in a lot of time with different committee meetings and staff meetings that they need to attend. Some teachers can feel isolated from their colleagues at work. This comes from being in a classroom of students all day and not really getting a chance to see anyone else in the building. There are some schools, however, where the environment is very informal. In these schools, teachers get a chance to see and talk to other teachers throughout the day. This helps to build the morale of the teachers. Teachers also work with students from many different backgrounds and cultures. Teachers need to be aware of these backgrounds and cultures so they can better help the students. A person needs to be licensed to certified to be a teacher unless he/she works for a private school. The license or certification is usually granted by the State Board of Instruction or the Office of Public Instruction. Certification for teachers is from K-8 for Elementary and 6-12 Secondary. Requirements for certification vary from state to state. The one requirement that all states require is that teachers have a Bachelor†s Degree and the completion of an approved teacher training program. The outlook for teachers varies by geographic area and subject specialty. The overall employment is expected to increase for all occupations through the year 2008. The funding of the school by the state is another factor on the teacher job growth. Teacher†s wages range from $19,710 to $70,030 a year. The average starting salary for a teacher with a Bachelor†s Degree and no experience is $25,700. The average wage for teachers is $39,300 a year. Private school teachers usually get paid less than public school teachers. In many schools, teachers receive extra pay for coaching sports or working with extra-curricular activities and clubs. Teachers earn extra money by working during the summer at other jobs. The teaching profession is an important profession. The world will always need teachers to teach it†s children. Teachers need to go through a training program which usually consists of four years in college and doing student teaching. Teachers need to be certified by the state in which they are teaching in. Teachers can make a lot money or not so much money depending on what geographic area they are in. Teachers, however, do not go into teaching for the money. Teacher become teachers because they like working with children and they like watching the children grow and learn.

Data Case

Group Project Berk DeMarzo Data Case chapter 10 1. Collect price information for each stock from Yahoo! Finance Professor has provided it for us. The specific data of question 2-4 is in the appendix. We only include the functions and simple answers below every question. 2. Return=(P2-P1)/P1 3. mean monthly returns, standard deviations for the monthly returns and annual statistics Ticker| AAPL| ADM| BA| C| CAT| DE| HSY| MOT| PG| SIRI| WMT| YHOO| Mean| 8. 39%| 3. 70%| 2. 68%| -0. 26%| 2. 87%| 3. 40%| 0. 43%| 0. 48%| 1. 25%| 3. 34%| 0. 69%| 2. 22%| SD| 0. 1584| 0. 1050| 0. 0697| 0. 0709| 0. 0742| 0. 0867| 0. 0491| 0. 934| 0. 0455| 0. 1963| 0. 0477| 0. 1299| Annual Mean| 1. 0068| 0. 4444| 0. 3215| -0. 0315| 0. 3444| 0. 4077| 0. 0519| 0. 0576| 0. 1505| 0. 4010| 0. 0827| 0. 2660| Annual SD| 0. 5489| 0. 3638| 0. 2414| 0. 2457| 0. 2569| 0. 3002| 0. 1702| 0. 3236| 0. 1577| 0. 6800| 0. 1654| 0. 4499| 4. Monthly return to an equally weighted portfolio of these 12 stocks. The mean and standard d eviation of monthly returns for the equally weighted portfolio. | Mean| Mean| 0. 0389| Standard Deviation| 0. 0925| Annual Mean| 0. 4671| Annual SD| 0. 3204| 5. Standard deviation (volatility) on the x-axis and average return on the y-axis Solution: 6.What do you notice about the volatilities of the individual stocks, compared to the volatility of the equally weighted portfolio? Solution: The volatilities of the individual stocks are mostly bigger than the volatility of the equally weighted portfolio that implies the portfolio tends to have more stability and less risk than the individual stocks themselves. Appendix Date| AAPL return| ADM return| BA return| C return| CAT return| DE return| HSY return| MOT return| PG return| SIRI return| WMT return| YHOO return| Mean| Apr-03| 26. 30| 8. 63| 13. 06| 5. 02| -0. 88| -0. 82| 9. 48| 7. 79| 2. 19| 116. 22| -6. 57| 20. 42| 16. 4| May-03| 6. 12| 7. 49| 11. 92| 4. 35| 6. 74| 5. 17| -2. 03| 11. 19| -2. 87| 5. 62| 2. 17| 9. 58| 5. 45| Jun-03| 1 0. 60| 2. 06| -3. 50| 5. 47| 21. 96| 11. 07| 4. 52| -4. 20| -0. 96| 5. 33| 4. 17| -4. 83| 4. 31| Jul-03| 7. 31| 6. 07| 13. 45| -3. 23| 6. 45| 11. 29| -3. 46| 18. 75| -0. 65| -5. 62| 5. 85| 7. 26| 5. 29| Aug-03| -8. 40| -5. 48| -8. 18| 4. 98| -4. 16| -5. 25| 3. 98| 11. 76| 6. 32| 8. 33| -5. 62| 5. 99| 0. 36| Sep-03| 10. 42| 9. 41| 12. 12| 4. 94| 6. 96| 13. 69| 6. 09| 13. 23| 6. 42| 29. 12| 5. 71| 23. 52| 11. 80| Oct-03| -8. 65| 0. 00| 0. 18| -0. 78| 3. 77| 1. 00| 1. 29| 3. 81| -2. 10| -11. 49| -5. 61| -1. 60| -1. 8| Nov-03| 2. 30| 6. 53| 9. 79| 3. 21| 9. 18| 6. 62| -0. 92| 0. 00| 3. 78| 51. 92| -4. 49| 4. 70| 7. 72| Dec-03| 5. 52| 2. 88| -0. 94| 2. 76| -5. 46| -3. 77| -1. 92| 18. 41| 1. 67| -14. 56| 1. 50| 4. 35| 0. 87| Jan-04| 6. 03| 10. 37| 4. 28| 1. 59| -3. 05| 2. 60| 10. 30| 11. 30| 1. 42| 8. 89| 10. 60| -5. 62| 4. 89| Feb-04| 13. 04| -1. 97| -5. 30| 2. 86| 4. 39| 8. 37| -0. 06| -4. 40| 2. 31| 15. 65| 0. 44| 9. 34| 3. 72| Mar-04| -4. 66| 4. 08| 3. 95| -6. 20| -1. 25| -1. 83| 7. 2 9| 3. 72| 1. 35| -2. 94| -4. 50| 4. 21| 0. 27| Apr-04| 8. 84| -4. 85| 7. 79| -3. 45| -3. 05| -3. 46| 0. 26| 8. 28| 1. 93| -9. 09| -2. 01| 21. 38| 1. 8| May-04| 15. 97| 0. 92| 11. 54| 0. 13| 5. 42| 7. 21| 4. 30| -7. 47| 0. 97| 2. 67| -5. 78| 18. 72| 4. 55| Jun-04| -0. 61| -8. 04| -0. 66| -4. 30| -7. 01| -10. 44| 4. 69| -12. 76| -3. 75| -18. 51| 0. 95| -15. 38| -6. 32| Jul-04| 6. 68| 3. 95| 3. 32| 5. 64| -1. 08| 0. 70| 0. 14| 1. 42| 7. 31| -7. 57| -0. 39| -7. 44| 1. 06| Aug-04| 12. 35| 6. 37| -1. 16| -5. 29| 10. 65| 2. 52| -3. 25| 11. 99| -3. 31| 37. 93| 0. 99| 18. 94| 7. 39| Sep-04| 35. 19| 14. 02| -3. 33| 1. 51| 0. 62| -7. 41| 8. 50| -4. 34| -4. 98| 21. 88| 1. 37| 6. 72| 5. 81| Oct-04| 27. 98| 9. 89| 7. 77| 0. 86| 13. 69| 19. 98| 2. 63| 11. 61| 4. 50| 70. 00| -3. 46| 3. 5| 14. 12| Nov-04| -3. 97| 5. 24| -3. 35| 7. 65| 6. 51| 4. 12| 7. 24| -0. 06| 2. 98| 14. 93| 1. 71| 0. 16| 3. 60| Dec-04| 19. 41| 8. 46| -2. 28| 1. 81| -8. 22| -6. 67| 5. 30| -8. 50| -2. 92| -13. 12| -0. 78| -6. 56| -1. 17| Jan-05| 16. 67| -0. 09| 9. 15| -1. 85| 6. 66| 2. 40| 8. 10| -0. 47| -0. 27| -15. 86| -1. 51| -8. 35| 1. 22| Feb-05| -7. 11| 2. 01| 6. 35| -5. 82| -3. 79| -5. 16| -4. 03| -4. 19| -0. 17| 0. 90| -2. 62| 5. 05| -1. 55| Mar-05| -13. 46| -26. 80| 1. 82| 5. 49| -3. 27| -6. 84| 5. 69| 2. 47| 2. 70| -15. 30| -5. 93| 1. 77| -4. 31| Apr-05| 10. 26| 10. 81| 7. 80| 0. 30| 6. 89| 5. 77| 0. 81| 13. 29| 1. 85| 26. 26| 0. 0| 7. 83| 7. 70| May-05| -7. 42| 7. 71| 3. 28| -1. 85| 1. 28| -0. 53| -3. 28| 5. 35| -4. 36| 7. 82| 2. 05| -6. 85| 0. 27| Jun-05| 15. 87| 7. 31| 0. 02| -4. 98| 13. 64| 12. 29| 2. 84| 15. 98| 6. 01| 5. 25| 2. 39| -3. 78| 6. 07| Jul-05| 9. 94| -1. 49| 1. 91| 0. 62| 2. 93| -11. 09| -7. 10| 3. 28| -0. 26| 0. 88| -8. 62| -0. 06| -0. 76| Aug-05| 14. 33| 9. 56| 1. 39| 4. 01| 5. 88| -5. 92| -4. 72| 0. 87| 7. 16| -4. 94| -2. 53| 1. 56| 2. 22| Sep-05| 7. 42| -1. 17| -4. 87| 0. 56| -10. 09| -0. 85| 0. 94| 0. 57| -5. 36| -4. 74| 7. 96| 9. 25| -0. 03| Oct-05| 17. 76| -2. 93| 5. 88| 7. 09| 9. 87| 14. 30| -4. 16| 8. 74| 2. 14| 14. 77| 2. 5| 8. 82| 7. 08| Nov-05| 6. 00| 4. 59| 3. 02| -0. 05| -0. 02| -1. 25| 1. 89| -6. 07| 1. 21| -6. 29| -3. 34| -2. 61| -0. 24| Dec-05| 5. 04| 27. 73| -2. 76| -4. 01| 18. 01| 5. 37| -7. 33| 0. 51| 2. 82| -15. 37| -1. 46| -12. 25| 1. 36| Jan-06| -9. 30| 1. 05| 6. 86| 0. 62| 7. 63| 6. 30| 0. 37| -5. 74| 1. 18| -9. 88| -1. 65| -6. 75| -0. 78| Feb-06| -8. 42| 6. 07| 7. 22| 1. 84| -1. 74| 4. 15| 2. 11| 7. 26| -3. 84| -0. 78| 4. 55| 0. 62| 1. 59| Mar-06| 12. 23| 7. 99| 7. 08| 6. 85| 5. 80| 11. 05| 2. 13| -6. 82| 1. 58| -7. 69| -4. 69| 1. 61| 3. 09| Apr-06| -15. 09| 14. 65| 0. 10| -1. 29| -3. 68| -2. 49| 7. 16| -1. 23| -6. 81| -3. 85| 7. 8| -3. 63| -0. 68| May-06| -4. 18| -0. 69| -1. 62| -2. 13| 2. 10| -1. 98| -3. 22| -4. 22| 2. 49| 5. 56| -0. 57| 4. 46| -0. 33| Jun-06| 18. 67| 6. 57| -5. 48| 0. 12| -4. 44| -13. 09| -0. 18| 12. 97| 1. 65| -11. 58| -7. 63| -17. 76| -1. 68| Jul-06| -0. 16| -6. 19| -2. 88| 3. 20| -6. 37| 7. 63| -1. 35| 2. 71| 10 . 14| -2. 86| 0. 88| 6. 23| 0. 92| Aug-06| 13. 46| -7. 98| 5. 28| 0. 63| -0. 83| 7. 94| -0. 94| 7. 16| 0. 14| -3. 92| 10. 29| -12. 31| 1. 58| Sep-06| 5. 33| 1. 61| 1. 28| 0. 99| -7. 33| 1. 47| -1. 03| -7. 76| 2. 78| -2. 30| -0. 09| 4. 19| -0. 07| Oct-06| 13. 05| -8. 57| 11. 25| -0. 16| 2. 18| 12. 75| 0. 64| -3. 85| -0. 5| 11. 23| -6. 46| 2. 54| 2. 80| Nov-06| -7. 44| -8. 95| 0. 35| 12. 31| -1. 14| -0. 51| -5. 99| -7. 06| 2. 37| -16. 90| 0. 55| -5. 44| -3. 15| Dec-06| 1. 05| 0. 13| 0. 80| -1. 01| 5. 00| 5. 48| 2. 48| -3. 44| 1. 41| 4. 24| 3. 26| 10. 85| 2. 52| Jan-07| -1. 31| 7. 68| -2. 19| -7. 72| 0. 56| 7. 98| 4. 18| -6. 71| -2. 13| -1. 08| 1. 30| 9. 01| 0. 80| Feb-07| 9. 81| 6. 86| 1. 90| 1. 91| 4. 03| 0. 74| 3. 31| -4. 33| -0. 51| -12. 33| -2. 36| 1. 39| 0. 87| Mar-07| 7. 42| 5. 45| 4. 61| 4. 44| 8. 82| 0. 70| 0. 56| -1. 94| 2. 51| -7. 50| 2. 08| -10. 39| 1. 40| Apr-07| 21. 43| -9. 17| 8. 56| 2. 66| 8. 21| 10. 13| -3. 61| 4. 97| -1. 1| -1. 01| -0. 22| 2. 35| 3. 58| May-07| 0. 70| -5. 57| -4. 41| -5. 87| -0. 36| 0. 58| -3. 95| -2. 40| -3. 71| 3. 07| 1. 08| -5. 47| -2. 19| Jun-07| 7. 96| 1. 55| 7. 56| -9. 22| 1. 06| -0. 26| -8. 94| -4. 04| 1. 66| -0. 33| -4. 49| -14. 30| -1. 82| Jul-07| 5. 10| 0. 65| -6. 19| 1. 84| -3. 84| 12. 99| 1. 53| -0. 24| 5. 58| -1. 33| -4. 57| -2. 24| 0. 77| Aug-07| 10. 82| -1. 85| 8. 57| -0. 43| 3. 51| 9. 47| -0. 19| 9. 65| 7. 70| 17. 51| 0. 05| 18. 08| 6. 91| Sep-07| 23. 77| 8. 18| -6. 10| -10. 22| -4. 42| 4. 36| -7. 12| 1. 39| -0. 68| -3. 72| 3. 57| 15. 87| 2. 07| Oct-07| -4. 07| 1. 89| -5. 80| -19. 49| -3. 63| 10. 91| -6. 1| -15. 00| 6. 44| 13. 99| 5. 95| -13. 79| -2. 44| Nov-07| 8. 70| 27. 73| -5. 48| -11. 59| 0. 91| 8. 70| -1. 28| 0. 78| -0. 77| -20. 89| -0. 33| -13. 24| -0. 56| Dec-07| -31. 66| -5. 27| -4. 90| -3. 20| -1. 61| -5. 97| -8. 19| -28. 29| -10. 46| 5. 61| 6. 75| -17. 54| -8. 73| Jan-08| -7. 64| 2. 85| 0. 03| -15. 85| 1. 89| -2. 69| 3. 34| -13. 33| 1. 17| -11. 25| -2. 26| 44. 84| 0. 09| Feb-08| 14. 78| -8. 73| -10. 17 | -9. 66| 8. 24| -5. 30| 1. 60| -6. 30| 5. 87| 0. 70| 6. 74| 4. 14| 0. 16| Mar-08| 21. 22| 7. 06| 14. 10| 17. 97| 5. 06| 4. 51| -0. 79| 7. 16| -3. 76| -10. 14| 10. 06| -5. 25| 5. 60| Apr-08| | | | | | | | | | | | | |Mean| 6. 16| 2. 80| 2. 23| -0. 22| 2. 26| 2. 65| 0. 50| 1. 05| 0. 91| 3. 86| 0. 26| 1. 94| 0. 0203 | Standard Deviation| 0. 118500359| 0. 084954962| 0. 061336785| 0. 061929002| 0. 064312603| 0. 070978888| 0. 046175086| 0. 088335566| 0. 038977677| 0. 220687247| 0. 045999568| 0. 114508009| 0. 0437 | Annual Mean| 0. 7386| 0. 33654| 0. 26758| -0. 02684| 0. 27156| 0. 31746| 0. 05988| 0. 12642| 0. 10964| 0. 46308| 0. 03112| 0. 23252| 0. 2440 | Annual SD| 0. 410497285| 0. 294292621| 0. 212476856| 0. 214528357| 0. 222785393| 0. 24587808| 0. 159955189| 0. 306003375| 0. 135022634| 0. 764483048| 0. 159347179| 0. 39666738| 0. 1514 |