A Qualitative Methodological Approach Through Field Research

Research in social science allows us to formulate and seek answers about the real world (Singleton and Straits, 2010, p. 1). William Whyte’s study can be described as a qualitative methodological approach conducting observations through field research. A qualitative methodological approach relies on observations rather than quantifiable evidence such as numbers and statistical analysis. Whyte initially hypothesizes that there is a correlation where the Sun plays a factor on where people decide to sit or not to sit. Whyte’s team, the Street Light Project, installed cameras with a time-lapse coverage of a cross-section of spaces consisting of 14 plazas and 3 small parks. The main technique employed was simple and direct observation. The entities under study are referred to in social research as units of analysis (Singleton and Straits, 2010, p. 81). Entities can range from individual, groups, organization, objects or events. In the film, Whyte observes plazas, play areas, parks and open spaces in New York City. The explanatory variables that were present in Whyte’s study were dependent and independent. Whyte’s dependent variables were where people sat and people’s activities throughout the day. Whyte’s independent variables were temperature and time of day. This information gave Whyte the foresight on why some public spaces work and why others do not. Sociability was a determinant factor because it illustrated the popularity of a plaza by the high proportion of people thatShow MoreRelatedResearch Methodology For Academic Journal Articles1268 Words   |  6 PagesMoreover, the types of research questions and its understanding can be significant in determining the research methodology. 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The Thousand and One Nights Abridged, Restructured Free Essays

Jeff Stephens Dr. Swenson English 2111 11-22-11 The Thousand and One Nights: Abridged, Restructured, but Ever Lasting You may have read the story many times; you may have even watched the live-action movie or animated film, but only a few have been able to discern the unique traits inherent in The Thousand and One Nights. Willis G. We will write a custom essay sample on The Thousand and One Nights: Abridged, Restructured or any similar topic only for you Order Now Regier, a writer for World Literature Today, wrote that â€Å"the Nights has been read, admired, studied, illustrated, adapted for the stage, and Disneyfied† (321). The traits that I would like you to remember are how I used interruption to structure the story and how I implemented love within the stories to help me win back King Shahrayar’s trust and pacify his fear of psychosexual replacement. While telling the king stories of grandeur and impossibility, I snuck in little snippets of truth and morality. Richard Burton, once said, â€Å"Without the nights, no Arabian nights,† by which he meant that in dividing the story into separate evenings it was given structure and without that structure The Arabian Nights would be no more than a collection of short stories (qtd. n Van Leeuwen 183). Burton could not have been any more correct. However, I would also like to point out that without the nights themselves, my own story would have ended long before the king changed his mind in the case of my death sentence. Structure in a story like The Arabian Nights is like the branches of a tree that bears fruit; not every branch will produce the fruit, but all the branches will have leaves to help collect the energy to make the fruit. In the same way that a tree bears its fruit, my mini-stories bear the fruit of change within King Shahrayar’s heart. Through my stories, I was able to help the king reclaim some of the hope, understanding, and even love that he had once lost because of his unfaithful wife. I also showed him that women could yet be good and kind, faithful and true, and be intelligent without the wickedness which so many other storytellers have been unwilling to show over the centuries. Van Leeuwen wrote an excellent article that mentions how odd it must seem in my breaking up the stories with the nights, but he also says that by breaking them up I multiplied the dimensions and meanings within the stories themselves and gave a kind of fluidity to the whole thing. I like Van Leeuwen’s interpretation of my actions. He describes the most basic interruption as the break between the fantasy world of the stories that I tell and the world of the frame story in which I, myself, take part. Incidentally, he did his homework on the subject. During that time it was quite usual for my people to use frame stories in order to create a more profound and comprehensive anthology. In using these frame stories, rather than teaching a lesson directly to the listener, we can teach vicariously through the understanding of the frame story’s characters’ understandings. When I decided to try and save the rest of the kingdom’s women from our vengeful king I knew that a direct approach would never work, so I had to drop him coy little hints in the form of fairytales, bedtime stories, and religious parables and sayings. Although a king be a foolish man, it doesn’t make him less of a king, it just means he is less of a man. So, using the art of interruptive story telling has been around for a very long time, even long before my own time, but Van Leeuwen has a much better grasp on the many useful techniques that using frame stories and interruptive techniques can yield as well as how they help to structure a story by allowing intervals between different perspectives. Van Leeuwen also describes how the stories that I told King Shahrayar could be directly related to the frame story in which he experiences so many wrongs on behalf of women. My poor husband was practically raped by a woman being held captive by a demon, he was cheated on in his own home by his wife and a common servant, and he watched as his brother suffered the same disgrace in multiplicity. Van Leeuwen says, â€Å"As a mechanism for the generation of meanings, the juxtaposition of viewpoints enhances the cycle’s character as an initiation into new forms of knowledge† (185). Throughout the stories there are always several characters that give an account from their own perspective about what has happened in the past in order to help the reader’s and the protagonist’s understanding of the problem and how to remedy the situation properly. When I told the story about the fisherman and the demon, for instance, the demon was fixated on killing the fisherman because no one else had come to release him in hundreds of years. However, the way the fisherman saw it, the demon owed him a reward for being the one to release him after so much time. Allowing both parties to speak their thoughts about the situation in conversation made it much easier to discern a mediation point. In other words, knowing both sides of the story helped to rectify the situation amicably for both parties in the end. I was trying the show the king that jumping to conclusions is never a good way to solve a problem. His ex-wife’s betrayal leads him to pronounce vows with a new woman each day and then break those vows by killing them the next so that they would not have a chance to betray him first. I was able to slowly give meaningful and constructive criticism of King Shahrayar’s decisions over the course of many nights and because of that criticism he changed on the inside. He became whole again, with an understanding that he had found a woman (myself) that would never betray him. Throughout my Thousand and One Nights, love is a catalyst to reveal the true nature of the person within a given character, because love defines us. Love of one’s self versus love for others, love of money versus love of one’s family, love for love’s sake versus love for the sake of sex and wiles. Wills G. Regier pointed out that â€Å"Love is everywhere†, and I could not agree more. Within every expression of love there is a story to be told about those involved and the feeling of love in and of itself. I told King Shahrayar stories of this sort each night, some with violence and murder, some with mystery and suspense, and some with sexual escapades. OK, a lot with sexual escapades. I practically bored the man to sleep some nights! I had to improvise to continue to keep his interest in my stories, but I always tried to find ways to wrap them up with love. My king seemed to have forgotten what love really was, so I needed to remind him of the feeling he so desperately sought even if, to begin with, it was sought unconsciously. Regier actually nailed it when he said that I gave King Shahrayar spiritual instruction a couple of times (311). I was attempting to do just that by reciting proverbs and Muhammad’s sayings. I was attempting (and apparently successfully so) to help him regain his moralistic views and understandings of the world. Love plays a large role in one’s understanding of how people view each other and how and why the react in the ways that they do. He needed to understand that part of why he reacted to his ex-wife in such an over-the-top manner was because he loved her so much that it hurt him more deeply than anything had ever hurt him before. He needed to understand that love and the loss of love was what drove him to such drastic measures. John J. Brugaletta wrote an interesting essay about my stories regarding the different allegorical properties from which new knowledge could be gleaned when comparing the situations in the stories to situations in real life (7). He was right, I was providing stories that the king could relate to at the time. There seemed to be some ominous trend in the women of my day to be more sexually attracted to black men. Honestly, it was probably more to do with the fact that black slaves tended to be in better physical condition than the white nobility, sitting in their lush palaces, eating meat and drinking wine all day, and going on hunts for pleasure rather than out of necessity. Some of King Shahrayar’s emotional issues undoubtedly stemmed from his seeming fear of â€Å"psychosexual† replacement by the black slaves. Brugaletta says that â€Å"the societies in which this book took form were preoccupied with a sense of inadequacy in sexual competition with blacks† (6). One way or another, every story could be directly proportionalized with King Shahrayar’s own life-experiences. I engineered the stories to reflect King Shahrayar’s mishaps in a kind-of worse-case scenario type of schema to help him reconcile with his unhappiness and help him to understand that while his wife was at fault in cheating on him, so was he in his exacting vengeance upon all the women of his kingdom because of one woman’s infidelity. While my king and husband listened to my stories, I was able to postpone my own demise and prevent others from falling to the same fate as my predecessors. As long as I kept the man intrigued, the king stayed his bloody hands. I showed him through my stories that he was missing out on living life and he understood that although he had become an angry, bitter tyrant, he could change his ways and become a loving husband and king again. Through my stories, he was able to trust women and believe in their goodness again. Works Cited Brugaletta, John J. The Arabian Nights’ Entertainments. † Masterplots, Fourth Edition (2010): 1-6. Literary Reference Center. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. Lawall, Sarah N. , and Maynard Mack. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. Second ed. Vol. B. New York: Norton, 2002. Print. Leeuwen, Richard Van. â€Å"The Art Of Interruption: The Thousand And One Nights And Jan Potocki. † Middle Eastern Literatures 7. 2 (2004): 183-198. Academic Search Compl ete. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. Regier, Wills G. â€Å"Shahrazad’s New Clothes. † World Literature Today 84. 2 (2010): 30-34. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. How to cite The Thousand and One Nights: Abridged, Restructured, Essay examples

Organismic Metaphor Essay Sample free essay sample

Organismic Metaphor is an old thought that society is in a figure of respects similar to an being. a life system with its cells. metabolic circuits and systems. Let us take illustration of a new departmental shop. Let the shop be an being and its different sections be its variety meats. Initially the section opens with few sections Lashkar-e-Taibas say 2. to get down with [ insouciant apparels subdivision and fast nutrient subdivision ] . Using the construct of unfastened system. the assorted sections continuously interacts with the clients ( the larger system ) . gathers information of the assorted demands and programs for enlargement of its activities. But in the procedure maintains a stable province. by its sections demands by pull offing or optimising staffing degree and goods telling degree. It interacts with unfastened environment or the larger system and maintains it steady. Besides it interacts with its sub-system like staffing degree and decently telling stock degrees. We will write a custom essay sample on Organismic Metaphor Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ( Lamb. 2004 ) Hence in the procedure keeps itself in equilibrium. With proper cognition of demands of the undermentioned twenty-four hours and militias some staff on clasp every bit good as excess stocks are kept at bay. incase of any eventualities ( we can name this Homeostasis ) . Now the Department shop decides to present new apparels of athleticss and seasonal apparels in the fabric section. What happens is batch of gross revenues and pandemonium is produced ( increased information ) . Department shop later divides the insouciant subdivision into seasonal apparels section and athletics apparels subdivision. So the gross revenues are divided among themselves so is the pandemonium. So the there is overall lessening in activity ( negative information ) . Soon a skeletal construction of the section is created. like the back bone being the histories section. As the sections grow. there is connexion that comes approximately. associating different sections. And a construction of the organisation. like the organisational hierarchy. Now different sections use different methodological analysis attract clients. fact nutrient subdivision uses large streamers or exposure to pull clients and apparels subdivision displays apparels with lower monetary values out in the unfastened with bigger monetary value tickets. Whatever the manner used to pull clients the net consequence is increased gross revenues ( equifinality ) . As the organisation grows. different methods of pull offing the organisation comes into being with some of the methods fulfilling some demands of the organisation others some else. But here the demand was of that system that suits all the demands of the organisation ( Contingency Theory ) . The design is selected that better suits the larger organisation as whole but its sub systems like different sections. As the system grows and every bit good as the sections. it was shortly out that some sections were ill. like seasonal fabric subdivision which was merely active in winter. And shortly the determination was taken to shut or unify the sections ( like choice of the fittest in Organizational Ecology ) . In decision it should be stated that even if the choice of fittest is used for make up ones minding the hereafter of the sections of the organisation but the ‘Seasonal Cloth’ subdivision is decided non to shut since it did highest footstep in the organisation ( Population ecology ) . which added to the regard of the organisation. It was decided to alter the selling attack towards the section to convey about alteration. Mentions: Lamb. D ; ( 2004 ) ;Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata ;Wellington: National Book Trust

Tourism is the activity of people travelling to and staying in places outside of their usual environment for not more than one than consecutive year for leisure The WritePass Journal

Tourism is the activity of people travelling to and staying in places outside of their usual environment for not more than one than consecutive year for leisure Introduction Tourism is the activity of people travelling to and staying in places outside of their usual environment for not more than one than consecutive year for leisure IntroductionDefinition of tourismSocial impactsCultural impactsMegatrend influences on tourist marketRelated Introduction Definition of tourism Tourism is the activity of people travelling to and staying in places outside of their usual environment for not more than one than consecutive year for leisure, for business and other purposes â€Å"(Youell 1998). It is about people travelling internationally to experience different cultures. Hunziker and krapf, in 1941, define tourism as â€Å"the sum of the phenomena and relationship arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent resident and not connected with any earning activity. In 1976 tourism society of England define it as tourism is the temporary, short term movement for all purposes. According to the UNSRID (2001) there were 567m such travelers in 1995. Therefore any social or cultural chances will have an impact on the Tourism and Hospitality Industry. This essay is focus on the tourisms industry within European context but it will refer some cases to specific countries.   It will consider how the economic growth of the 50th influence European society and run the development of tourism as a society activity become an integral part of the lifestyle in northern European. Social impacts Since the internet and World Wide Web is invented many  Ã‚   industries have been steadily disrupted. Many businesses found theirselves unable to compete in the today’s digital world. Moreover social industry makes it easier to gather competitive intelligence than ever before. The companies who are ready to adapt these changes could get cost and differentiate advantages, said by Dess et al2010. Because of this hotel can achieve benefits on both selling side and buy side. In effect it is more costly and time consuming to maintain the relationship with exchanging information about supplies needed, said by Laudon et al2007. According to the chaffey in 209, benefits of e-SCM comprise increased process efficiency and it reduces complexity and cost and also improves data integration and innovation. It is said by Hogast, an Australian purchasing association that it enables the hotels to combine their resources to improve process effectiveness. Now days hotels have to cope with perish ability and seasonality of their service offering. These days more than 70% of households in many European countries internet access. There is always a discussion on negative aspects’ of online intermediaries. However internet enables hotels to take over any intermediary and through developing their own channels online they can cut out the middleman. For example, customers were attracted from France Belgium by website by Austrian wellness hotel. It gives the benefits to the hotels that consumers are now used to this online approach. Nowadays more revelers rely on hotel reviews and their increasing seeks value of money. S ome hotels are also accused of providing false reviews and information to increase their booking in short time. But in effect it spoils the hotel image of those hotels that provide fake information. There is no doubt that myriads of hotel reviews can have both positive and negative effects on costumer’s expectations. If hotels implements web software to avoid problems then it is the employee who has to learn properly how to use that service. For example, the intercontinental hotel group (IHG) advertises via Google ADWORDS and enables independent media owner to encourage their products in exchange for commission. Furthermore HIG hotels also increase their sales through mobile advertising and a dedicated mobile version of its website (Google 2011). There is also other online services provide by ebay.com, priceline.com, or groupon.com that can be integrated in yield management initiatives to increase customers demand, yet it must be born in mind that heavy discount might adverti se affect brand equity (killian branding, 2011) Cultural impacts Culture tourism is the one of the largest growing global tourism market. Culture and creative industries’ are increasingly being used to destination and enhance their competitiveness and attractiveness. Travel for leisure in western European began from minority of privileges classes centuries ago and has develop to mass participation of the people in the post –warera. â€Å"In 1950 there were approximately 25 million international tourists and after that it reaches to 616 million in 1997†. This phenomenon was remarkable repaid and has been possible thanks to the economic reforms that follow the 2nd world war. In the UK. The lab our party introduce a massive â€Å"reconstruction† program under the supervision of Keynes, an economic adviser. Many locations are developing now for their tangible and intangible culture assets as mean to developing tourism. The cold environment is not merely a setting in which a rich diversity people live, but rather it encompasses the essential resources upon which the lives and culture depends. Wide cultural differences occur between countries and sometimes between different regions within the same country. Indeed the existence of such difference may be the one principle stimulants of a tourism industry. According to the butler and hinch, 1996 in some developing countries traditional cultural behavior patterns of particular groups of people form one focus of the tourism industry. The problem is exacerbated because tourists are by definition, strangers in the destination. There dress code and style pattern and behavior are the different to the residents and different from those that the tourist would display at home: shyness is lean-to and the consequent problems of prostitution, drugs, gambling and sometimes vandalism ensure.   All strangers tourist may fall in robbery and crimes perpetrated by the local community who may see these activities. Culture heritage included thought of built tradition building, archaeological heritage, and socio- culture heritage. Architectural heritage may be affected by the climate changing number of ways. The most obvious is the direct effect of rising sea level on those that are near the coast and may be damage by coastal impacts. Cultural change is included both of by factors which are internal and external to culture. Culture would change in the absence of tourism. A serious increase in tourism will cause a â€Å"cultural revolution† which result in whole new culture replacing the existing one. The leisure destination concept , with retail as its essential for many people provide a â€Å"one stop shop† for all their leisure needs. The sheer number of attracted by such complex give an indication of the importance of the retail tourism enhance by entertainment facilities. Fig 1 shows visitor numbers for retail attraction compared to more traditional UK visitor’s attraction. Attraction Visitor numbers Attraction Visitor numbers Trafford centre 30 million Chester zoo 1.25 million Meadowhall 30 million British museum 5.9 million Blue water 27 million Few gardens 1.3 million    Cadbury world 0.5 million There are a number of reasons for the success of the retail attraction which include the following. Large – scale complexes which can attract up to 35 million visitors annually.   Open for more than 15 hours per day, 363 day a year. Free at point entry. Safe, clean and air condition environment. Multiple products base- shops, restaurants, bars and entertainment. Megatrend influences on tourist market The end of the twentieth century was a great time for transformation in all fields of life. There were many fast paced changes throughout social condition, the economy and technology, which brought many changes with in tourism.   The fluxuation and competition within the tourist market not only requires constant observation and the ability to anticipate change, but also being able to react to the new trend before it becomes the norm. This shows the importance of the knowledge in the action of these megatrends which can be classified in to six basic groups; demographics, politics, social and cultural, economics technology and ecology.   In each groups there are positive factors, which will either stimulate or dater the development of the tourism, each with variability in strength and effect. The table of megatrends and tourism development. In conclusion, with the culture and tourism change tourism industry is growing very fast. Everything is in our hand in which we can solve all the problems. Due to these changes tourism industry day by day and gaining benefits. Also tourist who are out of the country they see different things, different types of people and they also taste different type of food in those countries where they travel. With these companies government take benefits. So these culture and social changes carried many positive and negative impacts on the world which we discuss in my essay. Bibliography GLOBEL TOURISM 2ND EDDITION BY William f. Theobald WWW. OPPAPERS.COM/ ESSAY / EUROPEAN, SOCIAL AND CULTURE RECENT EVENTS. DR.KRISTIAN J. 2009 TRENDS AND ISSUES IN GLOBAL TOURISM, SPRINGER PUBLICATION. Archer, B.H.: Demand forecasting and estimation, w: Travel, Tourism and Hospitality [Ed. W.Ritchie C.Goeldner], Wiley, New York 1989 GEOFFEY WALL, ALISTER MATHIESON TOURISM: CHANGES, IMPACTS AND OPPORTUNITIES. Kusluvan, S., 2003, Managing Employee Attitudes and Behaviours in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry, Nova Publishers

Spotted Eagle Ray Facts

Spotted Eagle Ray Facts The spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari) is a cartilaginous fish belonging to the eagle ray family of stingrays. Its common name comes from its distinctive spots, fins that flap like wings, and protruding snout that resembles an eagles beak or ducks bill. Usually, the ray is a solitary predator, but it sometimes swims in large groups. Fast Facts: Spotted Eagle Ray Scientific Name: Aetobatus narinariOther Names: White-spotted eagle ray, duckbill ray, bonnet rayDistinguishing Features: Disk-shaped ray with long tail, blue or black body with white spots, and flat snout resembling a duck billAverage Size: Up to 5 m (16 ft) long with wingspan of 3 m (10 ft)Diet: CarnivorousLife Span: 25 yearsHabitat: Warm coastal water worldwide, although modern classification restricts this species to the Atlantic ocean basinConservation Status: Near threatenedKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ChondrichthyesOrder: MyliobatiformesFamily: MyliobatidaeFun Fact: Newborn pups look just like their parents, except much smaller Description The ray is easily recognized by its blue or black top dotted with white spots, white belly, and flat duck bill snout. There are five small gills on each side of the front half of the belly. The tail is very long and features two to six venomous spines located just behind the pelvic fins. A spotted eagle rays disk-shaped body can reach 5 meters (6 feet) in length, have a wingspan up to 3 meters (10 feet), and weigh 230 kilograms (507 pounds). In addition to its spots, the spotted eagle ray may be identified by its beak-like snout. Terry Moore/Stocktrek Images / Getty Images Distribution Prior to 2010, the species included spotted eagle rays living in warm coastal waters around the globe. Now the name only refers to the group that lives in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico. The population living in the Indo-West Pacific is the ocellated eagle ray (Aetobatus ocellatus), while the group in the tropical East Pacific Ocean is the Pacific white-spotted eagle ray (Aetobarus laticeps). Only very recent sources make a distinction between the rays, which differ slightly in terms of genetics and morphology. While spotted eagle rays live in coral reefs and protected bays, they may migrate great distances through deep water. This is the historical spotted eagle ray range. Under modern classification, the fish only resides in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf. Diet Spotted eagle rays are carnivorous predators that feed upon mollusks, crustaceans, octopuses, and small fish. The rays use their snouts to dig in the sand to expose food, then apply calcified jaws and chevron-shaped teeth to crack open hard shells. Predators and Parasites Sharks are the principal predators of spotted eagle rays. Specifically, tiger sharks, lemon sharks, bull sharks, silvertip sharks, and great hammerhead sharks prey upon pups and adults. Humans also hunt rays. Spotted eagle rays host a variety of parasites, including the gnathostomatid nematode Echinocephalus sinensis (in the intestine) and monocotylid monogeneans (on the gills). Reproduction and Life Cycle Spotted eagle rays are ovoviviparous or live-bearing. During mating, one or more males pursue a female. The male uses his jaws to grasp the females pectoral fin and roll her over. When the rays are venter to venter (belly to belly), the male inserts his clasper into the female. The entire mating process takes from 30 to 90 seconds. The female retains the fertilized eggs, which hatch internally and live off the egg yolk. After a gestation period of about a year, the female gives birth to as many as four pups that are miniature versions of their parents. Rays mature in 4 to 6 years and live around 25 years. Spotted Eagle Rays and Humans For the most part, spotted eagle rays are shy, gentle creatures that pose no significant threat to humans. The intelligent, curious animals are popular with snorkelers. However, on at least two occasions, leaping rays have landed in boats. One incident resulted in a womans death in the Florida Keys. Because of their interesting pattern and the graceful way they fly through water, spotted eagle rays present a popular aquarium attraction. They have been successfully bred in captivity. Burgers Zoo in the Netherlands holds the record for the most births. Conservation Status The spotted eagle ray is near threatened in the wild, with a decreasing population trend. However, the latest IUCN evaluation occurred in 2006, which is before the fish was assigned to three separate species. The IUCN categorizes the ocellated eagle ray as vulnerable, while the Pacific white-spotted eagle ray has not been evaluated for conservation status. From a global perspective, including all three species, threats to the spotted eagle ray include severe population fragmentation, unregulated overfishing, bycatch, pollution, collection for the aquarium trade, and hunting to protect mollusk farms. Fishing pressure presents the most significant threat and is expected to increase. However, there are few portions of the animals range where the threat is lessened. The spotted eagle ray is protected in Florida and the Maldives and partially protected in Australia. Sources Carpenter, Kent E.; Niem, Volker H. (1999). Batoid fishes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes. 3. pp. 1511, 1516. ISBN 92-5-104302-7.Kyne, P.M.; Ishihara, H.; Dudley, S. F. J. White, W. T. (2006). Aetobatus narinari. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2006: e.T39415A10231645. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T39415A10231645.enSchluessel, V., Broderick, D., Collin, S.P., Ovenden, J.R. (2010). Evidence for extensive population structure in the white-spotted eagle ray within the Indo-Pacific inferred from mitochondrial gene sequences. Journal of Zoology 281: 46–55.Silliman, William R.; Gruber, S.H. (1999). Behavioral Biology of the Spotted Eagle Ray, Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790), in Bimini, Bahamas; an Interim Report.White, W.T. (2014): A revised generic arrangement for the eagle ray family Myliobatidae, with definitions for the valid genera. Zootaxa 3860(2): 149–166.

Explore the theme of a dystopian society in George Orwell's 1984 and Coursework

Explore the theme of a dystopian society in George Orwell's 1984 and Aldous Huxley's 1984 - Coursework Example â€Å"War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is strength† is the anthem resounding throughout George Orwell’s bokk 1984: it is the antithesis of all the values that the world collectively advocates. In the dysfunctional world of Dystopia, the controlling state is the central i.e. a totalitarian form of government. This government is for the purpose of ensuring the complete control of every single thing in the economy, even down to the behaviours and thoughts of its people. This futuristic sort of government has been described in many forms of contemporary arts. The theme for the dystopian society is almost always presented by people to throw a warning to the people of the cause and effect phenomenon. In Huxley’s book, he depicts a scene of naked children running and playing around a writes: â€Å"For a very long period before the time of Our Ford (...) erotic play between children had been regarded as abnormal (...) and had therefore been rigorously suppres sed.1† (c3). This is very much representative of our times today when instances of paedophiliac behaviour are erupting astonishingly. In the dystopian society, sexuality for and between children would be normal and encouraged. In the Dystopian world, different control tactics are used by the regime to control. These can be through eliminating any sort of external forces that can affect people and immunizing their internal processes so as to develop a ‘pacified world’ (Izzo p52), as is seen in Huxley’s Brave New World; conversely, these tactics can be defensive by employing inclusion and exclusion policies (Izzo). Orwell’s character O’Brien says in the book: 'The real power, the power we have to fight for night and day, is not power over things, but over men.' (c3) After which he claims that this power is demanded and asserted by making men suffer. Another aspect of the Dystopian society is the profuse use and abuse of technology. Guns and ammu nition are common. More importantly, the use of drugs is extremely common and these are administered to children and adults alike. The Dystopian ideal is very comprehensively described in the following quote from Huxley’s book (chapter 17), where Mond talks to the Savage and explains to John: And there's always soma to calm your anger, to reconcile you to your enemies, to make you patient and long-suffering. In the past you could only accomplish these things by making a great effort and after years of hard moral training. Now, you swallow two or three half-gramme tablets, and there you are. Anybody can be virtuous now. You can carry at least half your mortality about in a bottle. Christianity without tears–that's what soma is." There is a incessant need to control and ebb feelings and emotion in the human being. The Dystopian society requires the desensitizing of its people because feelings prove counter-productive to this system, in the sense that they create unrest i n the society who are then encouraged to question the system. With the government having complete control over the lives of the people, they are generally poor as well, having only their baser needs satisfied. About the people Winston in 1984 says: â€Å"A nation of warriors and fanatics, marching forward in perfect unity, all thinking the same thoughts and shouting the same slogans, perpetually working, fighting, triumphing, persecuting - three hundred million people all

Stanley Milgram Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stanley Milgram - Essay Example Milgram’s experiment of obedience has been ethically analyzed and there is a debate on the pros and cons of the ethics of the experiment. Some psychologists believe that it was not right to deceive the participants who took part in the experiment. Some also believed that the thought of causing deliberate pain to the â€Å"learner† could leave an indelible scar on the participant’s mind which the Stanford Prison Experiment is well known for, however, follow-on research showed that the participant’s in the Milgram experiment did not suffer from any long-term emotional problem.If I was on the review board which decided to allow or disallow Milgram’s experiment I would certainly allow it. My opinion is not concerned with the ethical questions and I see no harm in Milgram's experimental set-up. This experiment proved to be a very useful one in the field of psychology and when it comes to the question of deception, I think that psychological experiments c annot be conducted if one is not deceived. If Milgram had revealed his true experiment to the subjects the results would be much different and would be incorrect. In order to study the human mind correctly, it is necessary to hide details else the human mind would not respond normally. Secondly, I also object that the experiment would emotionally hamper the person for long since especially for people who administered 450 volts. This is because the experimenter had already made it clear that the shocks would not cause any damage.... However instances like the Abu Ghraib prison also reveals that certain percentage will obey commands of authorities defying their own morality (Bartone, pp 1) . Milgram’s experiment of obedience has been ethically analyzed and there is a debate on the pros and cons of the ethics of the experiment. Though the experiment was a very important one for the field of psychology, some psychologists believe that it was not right to deceive the participants who took part in the experiment. Some also believed that the thought of causing deliberate pain to the â€Å"learner† could leave an indelible scar on the participant’s mind which the Stanford prison Experiment is well known for however, follow-on research showed that the participant’s in the Milgram experiment did not suffer from any long term emotional problem. If I was on the review board which decided to allow or disallow Milgram’s experiment I would certainly allow it. My opinion is not concerned with the ethical questions and I see no harm in Milgrams experimental set-up. This experiment proved to be a very useful one in the field of psychology and when it comes to the question of deception, I think that psychological experiments cannot be conducted if one is not deceived. If Milgram had revealed his true experiment to the subjects the results would be much different and would be incorrect. In order to study the human mind correctly it is necessary to hide details else the human mind would not respond normally. Secondly, I also object that the experiment would emotionally hamper the person for long since especially for people who administered 450 volts. This is because the experimenter had already made it clear that the shocks